Monocots I: General Alismatids & Lilioids
Echinodorus grandiflorus, photographed in the Rock Garden at Kew
Introduction
Monocotyledons include some 75,000 species in 97 families, approximately a quarter of all flowering plants. They dominate significant parts of world ecosystems, and are of immense economic importance, including the staple grass food crops (wheat, barley, rice and maize) and other important food plants such as onions, palms, yams, bananas and gingers. Many monocots produce secondary metabolites that have pharmaceutical and agrochemical properties. Others are important in horticulture, especially daffodils, lilies, irises, hyacinths, orchids, colchicums, bromeliads, aroids, palms, grasses and sedges.
Alismatid monocots, which are an early-divergent monocot lineage, span two orders: Alismatales (16 families, including Alismataceae, Araceae, Potamogetonaceae, Tofieldiaceae) and Acorales (Acorus). Lilioid monocots encompass all other non-commelinid monocots. These represent the orders Asparagales (29 families, including Agavaceae, Alliaceae, Amaryllidaceae, Asparagaceae, Asphodelaceae, Hypoxidaceae, Iridaceae, Orchidaceae), Liliales (11 families, including Alstroemeriaceae, Colchicaceae, Liliaceae, Melanthiaceae, Smilacaceae), Dioscoreales (three families: Burmanniaceae, Dioscoreaceae sensu lato, Nartheciaceae), Pandanales (five families: Cyclanthaceae, Pandanaceae, Stemonaceae, Triuridaceae, Velloziaceae) and Petrosaviales (Japonolirion and Petrosavia).
Monocots have long formed a major focal area for Kew's research, in the Herbarium, HPE and Jodrell Laboratory. Kew organised the first international monocot conference in 1993, and later published the proceedings volumes Monocotyledons: Systematics and Evolution (Rudall, Cribb, Cutler and Humphries [eds], Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 1995). This timely conference, which coincided with the molecular phylogenetic revolution, initiated a series of highly influential international conferences (Sydney 1998, California 2003, planned Copenhagen 2008) which led into subsequent diverse research areas.
The Kew Monocot programme is currently subdivided into three cross-departmental teams (I: general, alismatids and lilioids; II: commelinids; and III: orchids). It encompasses economic botany, tropical and temperate floras, monographs, revisions and evolutionary studies at all taxonomic levels. A wide range of data is utilised, including morphology, anatomy, biochemistry, palynology, cytogenetics and genetics. The major objective for the Monocot programme is to maintain and develop Kew’s systematic and phylogenetic research and expertise so that we remain a world leader in monocot systematics. We also aim to develop expertise, information and products that are useful in conservation and sustainable development of monocots in their natural habitats.
Background
Kew holds large and diverse collections of living, dried and fixed material of monocots, which underpin our research. The Herbarium houses around 1.1 million monocot specimens with an estimated 60,000 types. In 2002 management of the Herbarium monocot collections was restructured into four sections (Alismatid/Lilioids, Commelinids, Orchids and Palms/Pandans) to better reflect the APG phylogeny. A project to database and image the monocot types, led by David Simpson, is in progress with over a third of the types completed in three years. The living bulb collection, which continues to win prizes at horticultural shows, has formed the basis for cross-departmental monographic research, e.g. on Iris and Crocus.
There is a long tradition of monocot research at Kew. Sir Joseph Hooker and George Bentham’s ground-breaking Genera Plantarum laid the basis for detailed systematic monocot research such as that of J.G. Baker, N.E. Brown and R.A. Rolfe in the 19th century and V.S. Summerhayes, O. Stapf, I.H. Burkhill, C.R. Metcalfe, K. Jones, D.F. Cutler, C. Hubbard, B. Mathew and D. Clayton in the 20th century. The first international monocot conference was held at Kew in 1993, followed by a subsequent 2-volume set of proceedings volumes (1995), edited by P.J. Rudall, P.J. Cribb, D.F. Cutler & C.J. Humphries. This has led to an ongoing series of international conferences.
In the Herbarium, the World Checklist of Monocots project was established in 2001 and is nearing completion. In addition to strong taxonomic expertise in palms, grasses and sedges (Monocots II team) and orchids (Monocots III), research continues on two economically important lilioid and alismatid families, aroids (Araceae) and yams (Dioscoreaceae). Most recently, the Araceae Taxonomic Knowledge Base (ATKB) will help to integrate taxonomic research and training for Araceae.
In the Jodrell Laboratory, Keith Jones and his colleagues undertook innovative research on monocot cytogenetics in the 1970s and 1980s. This programme continues to utilise both classical cytogenetics and more novel techniques; more recently this programme was extended to include conservation genetics and population genetics. A molecular systematics programme was established in the 1990s. The book series Anatomy of the Monocotyledons (Oxford University Press), written by several international authors, follows a long tradition of monocot anatomy at Kew. A research programme on comparative and ontogenetic floral anatomy was established in the 1990s; planned work in this area will focus on developmental-genetics. Work on monocot pollen evolution was initiated in the Herbarium, and is now based in the Jodrell Laboratory. Research on the chemosystematics and biological activity of alismatid and lilioid monocots continues, subject to biological leads; one aspect of this is research on floral odours in Araceae.
This diverse range of research is the basis for an ongoing series of publications in international peer-reviewed journals and presentations at international conferences. The Monocot conference series remains an important focus; the next one is planned in Copenhagen in 2008.
SIGNIFICANT ACCOMPLISHMENTS (2001 - 2005)
- 21,000 monocot types databased and imaged
- Publication of Anatomy of the Monocotyledons vol. IX. Araceae, by R. Keating (eds. D.F. Cutler and M. Gregory) (Oxford University Press, 2002)
- Publication of World Checklist and bibliography of Araceae, by R. Govaerts and D. Frodin (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 2002)
- The improved phylogenetic context has facilitated investigations in floral and pollen evolution, inspired by conceptual issues that seek to determine the origin and homologies of these structures. For example, these studies indicate that inaperturate pollen, which potentially increases the germination efficiency, has arisen independently numerous times in monocots. Evidence for this comes from the phylogenetic distribution of inaperturate pollen and from developmental differences.
- Published 18 papers in high impact journals
- Dioscoreaceae account completed for Flora of Thailand, including conservation assessments for all species, and comprehensive data on uses, especially for edible taxa
- New phylogeny of Araceae (by Cabrera, L.I., Salazar, G.A., Chase, M.W. & Mayo, S.J.) including the duckweeds (Lemnoideae) presented at the Third MONOCOTS conference in California (2003).
KEY ELEMENTS OF FUTURE PLANS (2006 onwards)
RECENT ACHIEVEMENTS (2001 - 2005)
FUTURE PLANS (2006 onwards)
Projects
Araceae Taxonomic Knowledge Base
Chemosystematics and Biological Activity of Alismatid and Lilioid Monocots
Electronic Cataloguing and Imaging of Monocot Type Specimens
European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy (EDIT)
Morphometrics and Phylogeography of Anthurium and Monstera (Araceae) in NE Brazil
Systematics and Conservation Genetics of Asparagales
Systematics and Conservation Genetics of Liliales
Systematics and Evolution of Pandanales
People
Herbarium
William Baker, Phillip Cribb, Martin Cheek, John Dransfield (Research Fellow), Rafaël Govaerts, Anna Haigh, Simon Mayo, David Simpson, Paul Wilkin
Jodrell Laboratory
Michael Bennett, Mark Chase, David Cutler (Research Fellow), Michael Fay, Carol Furness, Mary Gregory (Research Fellow), Geoffrey Kite, Ilia Leitch, Anna Lynch, Christina Prychid, Paula Rudall, Monique Simmonds
Seed Conservation Department
Wolfgang Stuppy
Partners
Australia
Kings Park, Perth
Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney
University of Adelaide
Belgium
Katholieke University of Leuven
Brazil
State University of Feira de Santana, Bahia
State University of Vale do Acarau, Ceará
Universidade Estadual de São Paulo
Canada
University of British Colombia, Vancouver
Denmark
University of Copenhagen
Ethiopia
Addis Ababa University
France
Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Cayenne, French Guiana
Lab. d’Ecologie Generale, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (MNHN), Paris
Madagascar
Parc Botanique et Zoologique de Tsimbazaza
University of Antananarivo
Mexico
Universidad National Autónoma de Mexico (UNAM)
Norway
Biology Department, University of Oslo
Russia
Biological Faculty, Moscow State University
Spain
University of Alicante
Switzerland
University of Zurich
Thailand
Naresuan University, Phitsanulok
Forest Herbarium, Bangkok
UK
Imperial College, London
Natural History Museum
Queen Mary, University of London
University of Cambridge
USA
Biology Dept., State University of New York, Stonybrook
Cornell University
Fairchild Tropical Garden
Missouri Botanical Garden
New York Botanical Garden
University of Missouri
University of Wisconsin
Publications
Archer, R.H., Snijman, D.A. & Brummitt*, R.K. (2001). (1478) Proposal to conserve the name Boophone Herbert with that spelling (Amaryllidaceae). Taxon 50 (2): 569-571.
Beentje*, H.J. & Ghazanfar*, S.A. (eds) (2003). Flora of Tropical East Africa. Alliaceae. Lisse: Balkema. 8 pp.
Beentje*, H.J. & Ghazanfar*, S.A. (eds) (2005). Flora of Tropical East Africa. Liliaceae. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 4 pp.
Beentje*, H.J. & Ghazanfar*, S.A. (eds) (2005). Flora of Tropical East Africa. Colchicaceae. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 18 pp.
Beentje*, H.J. & Smith*, S.A.L. (eds) (2002). Flora of Tropical East Africa, Cymodoceaceae. Rotterdam: Balkema. 10 pp.
Beentje*, H.J. & Smith*, S.A.L. (eds) (2002). Flora of Tropical East Africa, Asphodelaceae. Rotterdam: Balkema. 19 pp.
Bishop, M., Davis*, A.P. & Grimshaw, J. (2001). Snowdrops: a monograph of cultivated Galanthus. Maidenhead: Griffin Press. 370 pp.
Bogner, J., Boyce*, P.C. & Sakuragui, C.M. (2001). A revision of Alloschemone Schott (Araceae: Monstereae). Aroideana 24: 80-93.
Boyce*, P.C. (2001). The genus Rhaphidophora Hassk. (Araceae-Monsteroideae-Monstereae) in New Guinea, Australia and the tropical western Pacific. Gardens' Bulletin, Singapore 53 (1-2): 75-183.
Boyce*, P.C. (2001). The genus Rhaphidophora Hassk. (Araceae-Monsteroideae-Monstereae) in Borneo. Gardens' Bulletin, Singapore 53 (1-2): 19-74.
Brandham*, P. (2001). The chromosomes of division 8, the odd one out. RHS Daffodil and Tulip Yearbook 2001-2002: 34-38.
Brandham*, P.E. (2002). Narcissus dubius as breeding material. RHS Daffodil, Snowdrop and Tulip Yearbook, 2002-2003: 73.
Brandham*, P.E. (2002). Triploidy in Narcissus, the fertility debate. RHS Daffodil, Snowdrop and Tulip Yearbook, 2002-2003: 50-53.
Brandham*, P.E. (2004). The origin and inheritance of the split corona trait in Narcissus. RHS Daffodil, Snowdrop and Tulip Yearbook, 2004-2005: 22-25.
Brandham*, P.E. (2004). The chromosomes of Aloe - variation on a theme. In Reynolds, T. (ed.) Aloes: the genus Aloe. Boca Raton, Fla; London: CRC Press. Medicinal and aromatic plants - industrial profiles, vol. 35. 355-360.
Brummitt*, R. (2001). Tecophilaeaceae [excluding Walleria by G. Cowley]. In Pope, G. (ed.) Flora Zambesiaca, volume 12, part 3. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 18, 20-25.
Caddick*, L.R., Rudall*, P.J., Wilkin*, P., Hedderson, T.A.J. & Chase*, M.W. (2002). Phylogenetics of Dioscoreales based on combined analyses of morphological and molecular data. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 138: 123-144.
Caddick*, L.R., Wilkin*, P., Rudall*, P.J., Hedderson, T.A.J. & Chase*, M.W. (2002). Yams reclassified: a recircumscription of Dioscoreaceae and Dioscoreales. Taxon 51 (1): 103-114.
Cameron, K.M., Chase*, M.W. & Rudall*, P.J. (2003). Recircumscription of the monocotyledonous family Petrosaviaceae to include Japonolirion. Brittonia 55 (3): 214-225.
Chase*, M.W. (2002). Dioscoreales. In The McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. New York: McGraw-Hill. 9th edn. Vol. 5: 573.
Chase*, M.W. (2002). Pandanales. In The McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. New York: McGraw-Hill. 9th edn. Vol. 12: 762.
Chase*, M.W. (2004). Monocot relationships: an overview. American Journal of Botany 91 (10): 1645-1655.
Chase*, M.W. & Fay*, M.F. (2002). Monocotyledons. In The McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. New York: McGraw-Hill. 9th edn. Vol. 11: 379.
Cheek*, M. (2003). A new species of Afrothismia (Burmanniaceae) from Kenya. Kew Bulletin 58 (4): 951-955.
Cheek*, M. (2003). Kupeaeae, a new tribe of Triuridaceae from Africa. Kew Bulletin 58 (4): 939-949.
Cheek*, M., Williams, S.A. & Etuge, M. (2003). Kupea martinetugei, a new genus and species of Triuridaceae from western Cameroon. Kew Bulletin 58 (1): 225-228.
Croat, T.B., Mayo*, S.J. & Boos, J. (2002 [2003]). A new species of Brazilian Philodendron subgenus Meconostigma (Araceae). Aroideana 25: 63-66.
Cutler*, D.F. (2004). Aloe leaf anatomy. In Reynolds, T. (ed.) Aloes: the genus Aloe. Boca Raton, Fla; London: CRC Press. Medicinal and aromatic plants - industrial profiles vol. 35. 361-366.
Davis*, A.P. (2000 [2001]). Galanthus. In Güner, A., Özhatay, N., Ekin, T. & Baser, K.H.C. (eds) Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands (suppl. 2), Vol. 11. Edinburgh, Scotland: Edinburgh University Press. 265-270.
Davis*, A.P. (2001). The genus Galanthus - snowdrops in the wild. In Bishop, M., Davis, A.P. & Grimshaw, J. (eds) Snowdrops: a monograph of cultivated Galanthus. Maidenhead: Griffin Press. 9-63.
Davis*, A.P. & Özhatay, N. (2001). Galanthus trojanus: a new species of Galanthus (Amaryllidaceae) from north-western Turkey. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 137: 409-412.
Davis*, A.P., Byfield, A., Özhatay, N. & Taylor, K. (2001). Galanthus xvalentinei nothosubsp. subplicatus (Amaryllidaceae): a new hybrid from north- western Turkey. Kew Bulletin 56 (3): 639-647.
Diaz, A. & Kite*, G.C. (2002). A comparison of the pollination ecology of Arum maculatum and A. italicum in England. Watsonia 24: 171-181.
Fay*, M.F. (2005). Milula and Muilla. The Plantsman (n.s.) 4 (2): 126.
Fay*, M.F. & Chase*, M.W. (2002). Liliales. In The McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. New York: McGraw-Hill. 9th edn. Vol. 10: 43.
Fay*, M.F. & Chase*, M.W. (2002). Asparagales. In The McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. New York: McGraw-Hill. 9th edn. Vol. 2: 253.
Friis, E.M., Pedersen, K.R. & Crane*, P.R. (2004). Araceae from the Early Cretaceous of Portugal: evidence on the emergence of monocotyledons. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101 (47): 16565-16570.
Furness*, C.A. & Rudall*, P.J. (2001). Pollen and anther characters in monocot systematics. Grana 40 (1-2): 17-25.
Furness*, C.A. & Rudall*, P.J. (2003). Apertures with lids: distribution and significance of operculate pollen in monocots. International Journal of Plant Sciences 164 (6): 835-854.
Furness*, C.A., Rudall*, P.J. & Eastman*, A. (2002). Contribution of pollen and tapetal characters to the systematics of Triuridaceae. Plant Systematics and Evolution 235: 209-218.
Goldblatt, P., Manning, J.C., Davies*, J., Savolainen*, V. & Rezai, S. (2004). Cyanixia, a new genus for the Socotran endemic Babiana socotrana (Iridaceae-Crocoideae). Edinburgh Journal of Botany 60 (3): 517-532.
Goldblatt, P., Savolainen*, V., Porteous, O., Sostaric, I., Powell*, M., Reeves*, G., Manning, J.C., Barraclough, T.G. & Chase*, M.W. (2002). Radiation in the Cape flora and the phylogeny of peacock irises Moraea (Iridaceae) based on four plastid DNA regions. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 25: 341-360.
Govaerts*, R. (2003 [2005]). The monocot checklist project: a global effort. Symbolae Botanicae Upsaliensis 33 (3): 175-177.
Govaerts*, R. (2004). The monocot checklist project. Taxon 53 (1): 144-146.
Govaerts*, R. & Frodin*, D.G. (2002). World checklist and bibliography of Araceae (and Acoraceae). Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 560 pp. (Lists 12 other collaborating authors including Boyce*, P. and Mayo*, S.)
Gregory*, M. & Cutler*, D.F. (eds) (2002 [2003]). Anatomy of the monocotyledons volume IX. Acoraceae and Araceae. Oxford, UK: Oxford Science Publications. 327 pp.
Grimshaw, J. & Boyce*, P. (2001). Plant portraits: 429. Pinellia cordata (Araceae). Curtis's Botanical Magazine 18 (4): 205-209.
Haigh*, A., Wilkin*, P. & Rakotonasolo, F. (2005). A new species of Dioscorea L. (Dioscoreaceae) from Madagascar and its distribution and conservation status. Kew Bulletin 60 (2): 273-281.
Hall*, T. (2001). Corydalis vittae Kolak, A.M.; Ranunculus seguieri Vill., A.M.; Polygonatum hookeri Bak., A.M.; Androcymbium rechingeri Greuter, P.C.; Colchicum kesselringii Regel x luteum Bak., P.C.; Omphalodes lojkae Sommier & Levier, P.C.; Conanthera campanulata Lindl., P.C.; Conanthera trimaculata (Don) F.Meigen, P.C.; Vagaria parviflora Herb., B.C.; Lithodraba mendocinensis (Hauman) Boelke, B.C.; [Award plants from the Alpine Unit, RBG Kew.] Alpine Gardener 69 (4): 483-485, 493-495, 497-498, 505-509, 534, 543-545, 547-550.
Hall*, T. (2001). Tulipa regelii. RHS Daffodil and Tulip Yearbook 2001-2002: 48.
Hall*, T. (2001). Iris tenuis: a new perspective (including the latest molecular results, especially in relation to the Lophiris and Chinenses groups). Iris Yearbook 2001: 81-83.
Hall*, T. (2002). Crocus korolkowii Regel ex Maw, A.M.; Arisaema ringens (Thunberg) Schott, A.M.; Dennstaedtia wilfordii (T.Moore) Christ, A.M.; Iris planifolia (Mil.) Fiori & Paol. forma alba (Sprenger) T.Hall comb. et stat. nov., P.C.; Scilla gorganica Speta, P.C.; Brimeura fastigiata [misprint, i.e. amethystina] (L.) Chouard 'Stephanie', P.C.; Narcissus broussonetii Lag., B.C.; Gethyum atropurpureum Phil., B.C. In Rolfe, R. (comp.) Award plants 2001-2002 Alpine Gardener 70: 436-437, 441-442, 446, 452-454, 467-468, 486-490.
Hall*, T. (2002). Fritilaria chitralensis. Fritillaria 11: 2.
Hall*, T. (2003). Celmisia prorepens Petrie, A.M.; Iris regis-uzziae Feinbrun, P.C.; Corydalis afghanica Gilli subsp. elegans Lidén, P.C.; Ipheion 'Jessie', P.C.; Scilla talosii Tzanoud. & Kypr., (syn. Prospero talosii (Tzanoud. & Kypr.) F. Speta B.C.; Odontostomum hartwegii Torr., B.C. In Rolfe, R. (comp.) Award plants 2002-2003. Alpine Gardener 71 (4): 391, 395-397, 398-399, 399-400, 427-428, 429-430,.
Harley*, M.M. (2002). Palinologia de las palmeras: variabilidad y similitudes. In Moreno Grau, S., Rendueles, B.E., Moreno, J.M. & Angosto (eds) Libro de Textos Completos XIII Simposio de la Asociación de Palinólogos en Lengua Española (A.P.L.E.). Cartagena, Spain: Universidad Politecnica de Cartagena, Servicio de Publicaciones. 15-33.
Harley*, M.M. (2004). Triaperturate pollen in the monocotyledons: configurations and conjectures. Plant Systematics and Evolution 247 (1-2): 75-122.
Harley*, M.M. & Dransfield*, J. (2003). Triporate pollen in the Arecaceae. Grana 42: 3-19.
Hoenselaar*, K. (2005). Flora of Tropical East Africa. Colchicaceae. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 18 pp.
Johnson*, M.A.T. (2003). Polyploidy and karyotype variation in Turkish Bellevalia (Hyacinthaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 143: 87-98.
Johnson*, M.A.T. & Güner, A. (2002). Iris stenophylla Hausskn. & Siehe ex Baker from Turkey and its cytology. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 140: 115-127.
Lakshminarasimhan*, P. (2003). A new name for Drimia congesta (Wight) Stearn (Hyacinthaceae). Kew Bulletin 58 (2): 507-508.
Lledó*, M.D., Davis*, A.P., Crespo, M.B., Chase*, M.W. & Fay*, M.F. (2004). Phylogenetic analysis of Leucojum and Galanthus (Amaryllidaceae) based on plastid matK and nuclear ribosomal spacer (ITS) DNA sequences and morphology. Plant Systematics and Evolution 246: 223-243.
Loeuille, B., Goldblatt, P., Manning, J.C. & Savolainen*, V. (2003). Molecular phylogeny of genus Moraea (Iridaceae: Irideae): DNA sequences analysis. Acta Botanica Gallica 150: 345-353.
Manning, J.C., Goldblatt, P. & Fay*, M.F. (2004). A revised generic synopsis of Hyacinthaceae in sub-Saharan Africa, based on molecular evidence, including new combinations and the new tribe Pseudoprospereae. Edinburgh Journal of Botany 60: 533-568.
Mao, A.A., Wetten, A., Fay*, M.F. & Caligari, P.D.S. (2002). In vitro culture of Lilium mackliniae Sealy, a rare endemic species. Indian Journal of Plant Physiology 7 (3): 239-245.
Mathew*, B. (2001). Plant portraits: 411. Erythronium japonicum (Liliaceae). Curtis's Botanical Magazine 18 (2): 68-73.
Mathew*, B. (2001). Plant portraits: 410. Crocus paschei. Iridaceae. Curtis's Botanical Magazine 18 (1): 28-31.
Mathew*, B. (2001). Plant portraits: 412. Lilium medeoloides (Liliaceae). Curtis's Botanical Magazine 18 (2): 74-78.
Mathew*, B. & Wilford*, R. (2001). Plant portraits Tulipa regelii Liliaceae. Curtis's Botanical Magazine 18 (1): 6-11.
Maunder*, M., Cowan*, R.S., Stranc, P. & Fay*, M.F. (2001). The genetic status and conservation management of two cultivated bulb species extinct in the wild: Tecophilaea cyanocrocus (Chile) and Tulipa sprengeri (Turkey). Conservation Genetics 2: 193-201.
McPherson, M.A., Fay*, M.F., Chase*, M.W. & Graham, S.W. (2004). Parallel loss of a slowly evolving intron from two closely related families of Asparagales. Systematic Botany 29: 296-307.
Pearson*, J. & Prendergast*, H.D.V. (2001). Daemonorops, Dracaena and other dragon's blood. Economic Botany 55 (4): 474-477.
Pires, J.C., Fay*, M.F., Davis, W.S., Hufford, L., Rova, J., Chase*, M.W. & Sytsma, K.J. (2001). Molecular and morphological phylogenetic analyses of Themidaceae (Asparagales). Kew Bulletin 56 (3): 601-626.
Pires, J.C., Maureira, I.J., Rebman, J., Salazar, G.A., Cabrera, L.I., Fay*, M.F. & Chase*, M.W. (2004). Molecular data confirm the phylogenetic placement of the enigmatic Hesperocallis (Hesperocallidaceae) with Agave. Madroño 51: 307-311.
Prendergast*, H.D.V. (2002). Useful marine monocots - more collections than data? Economic Botany 56: 110-112.
Prychid*, C.J., Furness*, C.A. & Rudall*, P.J. (2003). Systematic significance of cell inclusions in Haemodoraceae and allied families: silica bodies and tapetal raphides. Annals of Botany 92: 571-580.
Prychid*, C.J., Rudall*, P.J. & Gregory*, M. (2003 [2004]). Systematics and biology of silica bodies in monocotyledons. Botanical Review 69 (4): 377-440.
Rønsted*, N., Law, S., Thornton, H., Fay*, M.F. & Chase*, M.W. (2005). Molecular phylogenetic evidence for the monophyly of Fritillaria and Lilium (Liliaceae; Liliales) and the infrageneric classification of Fritillaria. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 35: 509-527.
Reeves*, G., Chase*, M.W., Goldblatt, P., Rudall*, P., Fay*, M.F., Cox, A.V., Lejeune, B. & Souza-Chies, T. (2001). Molecular systematics of Iridaceae: evidence from four plastid DNA regions. American Journal of Botany 88 (11): 2074-2087.
Reeves*, G., Goldblatt, P., Rudall*, P.J. & Chase*, M.W. (2001). Molecular systematics of Iridaceae: a combined analysis of four plastid DNA sequence matrices. Annali di Botanica (Roma) nuova serie 1 (2): 29-42.
Reynolds*, T. (2002). Aloe chemistry. Current Topics in Phytochemistry 5: 235-254.
Reynolds*, T. (2004). Analytical methodology: the exudate. In Reynolds, T. (ed.) Aloes: the genus Aloe. Boca Raton, Fla; London: CRC Press. Medicinal and aromatic plants - industrial profiles, vol. 35. 127-138.
Reynolds*, T. (ed.) (2004). Aloes - the genus Aloe. Boca Raton, Fla; London: CRC Press. 386 pp.
Reynolds*, T. (2004). Aloe chemistry. In Reynolds, T. (ed.) Aloes: the genus Aloe. Boca Raton, Fla; London: CRC Press. Medicinal and aromatic plants - industrial profiles, vol. 35. 39-74.
Rudall*, P.J. (2001). Centrifixed anther attachment in monocotyledons. Kew Bulletin 56 (4): 965-973.
Rudall*, P.J. (2002). Homologies of inferior ovaries and septal nectaries in monocotyledons. International Journal of Plant Sciences 163 (2): 261-276.
Rudall*, P.J. (2002). Unique floral structures and iterative evolutionary themes in Asparagales: insights from a morphological cladistic analysis. Botanical Review 68 (4): 488-509.
Rudall*, P.J. (2003). Monocot pseudanthia revisited: floral anatomy and systematics of the mycoheterotrophic family Triuridaceae. International Journal of Plant Sciences 164 (Supplement 5): S307-S320.
Rudall*, P.J. (2004). Iridaceae. In Smith, N., Mori, S.A., Henderson, A., Stevenson, D.W. & Heald, S.V. (eds) Flowering plants of the neotropics. Princeton, N.J.; Oxford: Princeton University Press in association with the New York Botanical Garden. 448-450.
Rudall*, P.J. & Bateman*, R.M. (2004). Evolution of zygomorphy in monocot flowers: iterative patterns and developmental constraints. New Phytologist 162: 25-44.
Rudall*, P.J. & Bateman, R.M. (2002). Roles of synorganisation, zygomorphy and heterotropy in floral evolution: the gynostemium and labellum of orchids and other lilioid monocots. Biological Reviews 77 (3): 403-441.
Rudall*, P.J. & Bateman, R.M. (2003). Evolutionary change in flowers and inflorescences: evidence from naturally occurring terata. Trends in Plant Science 8 (2): 76-82.
Rudall*, P.J. & Buzgo, M. (2002). Evolutionary history of the monocot leaf. In Cronk, Q.C.B., Bateman, R.M. & Hawkins, J.A. (eds) Developmental genetics and plant evolution. London: Taylor & Francis. 431-458.
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